Ophthalmology Essentials for Dermatologists: Dry Eye, Cataracts, and Glaucoma in Clinical Practice

Jennifer Cao, MD, provided a clinically focused overview of eye anatomy and common ophthalmic conditions dermatologists should recognize during her Masterclasses in Dermatology session, “Ophthalmology 101 for the Dermatologist.”

Dr Cao began with foundational anatomy. The cornea is the “clear window to the eye” and provides two-thirds of the eye’s focusing power. The lens contributes the remaining third and is central to presbyopia and cataract formation. The vitreous is a “sticky jelly-like substance” that explains floaters, while the retina (the “film of the camera”) is delicate. Most retinal damage is irreversible.

Next, Dr Cao discussed common eye diseases. Dry eye syndrome was framed as highly prevalent, affecting at least 20% of the population. Women, Asian patients, and older adults (especially postmenopausal individuals) are disproportionately affected. Dr Cao reviewed the 3 components of the tear film—mucus, aqueous, and lipid—and highlighted meibomian gland dysfunction as a frequent contributor. When counseling patients, she recommended artificial tears “4 times a day, but not before bedtime or while sleeping,” with more frequent use during high-intensity visual activities. Preservative-free options are preferred, and viscosity should be individualized based on activities of daily living and fall risk.

For meibomian gland dysfunction, treatment includes hot wet compresses twice daily, diluted baby shampoo lid scrubs, and omega-3 fatty acids (~6 g/day).

Cataracts—progressive hardening and clouding of the lens—often begin with presbyopia in the 40s, with surgery most common in the 60s to 80s. Surgical consideration typically arises when best-corrected visual acuity is 20/40 or worse, glare significantly impairs night vision, or patients cannot perform daily functions.

Monofocal lenses provide the “most crisp vision,” whereas multifocal lenses sacrifice crispness for near-vision flexibility. Femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery can increase precision but “has not been proven to reduce complications” or improve outcomes.

Glaucoma is described as “damage to the optic nerve itself,” often asymptomatic until later stages. Risk factors include age older than 40 years, elevated intraocular pressure (>21 mm Hg), family history, chronic steroid use, and certain racial and ethnic backgrounds. The only proven strategy to delay progression is lowering intraocular pressure via drops, laser, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery, or traditional surgery.

Dr Cao closed with a reminder highly relevant to dermatologists managing systemic therapies and steroids: “Everyone needs a full dilated eye exam at least once in adulthood.”

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Reference

Cao J. Ophthalmology 101 for the dermatologist. Presented at: Masterclasses in Dermatology; February 19–22, 2026; Sarasota, FL.